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標題: Red Army Infantry Forces 苏联红军步兵 [打印本頁]

作者: Adolf.Hitler    時間: 2014-10-23 17:08     標題: Red Army Infantry Forces 苏联红军步兵

The Red Army infantry Division of 1941 was a lumbering, under equipped, poorly trained entity, whose paper strength was rarely equivalent to its actual disposition. Despite the experience gained during the Spanish Civil War, the border conflict with Japan and the war with Finland, the bulk of its forces had still to see action. Stalin's purges of the officer Corps during the late 1930's had decimated its ranks, depriving the Army of experienced commanders. Worse still the new commanders that had replaced them, were restricted from commanding their units by political officers who were attached to watch over them. Despite these early failings, the greatest success of the Red Army was its ability to reinvent itself. Despite its huge losses in 1941/42, it gradually learned the harsh lessons and adapted itself into a more efficient and formidable fighting force. By the end of the war, the Red Army had evolved into a gargantuan force, with over five hundred Infantry Divisions alone. These infantry Divisions were constantly reorganized throughout the campaign on the eastern Front to mould them into a more effective fighting force.


        1941年的红军步兵师编制庞大,缺乏武器,训练水平低下。它的实际作战能力相比正常情况下的实力差了一大截。尽管红军在西班牙内战,对日作战和苏芬战争中积累了一些作战经验,但是大部分红军还是没有经过真正的战斗锻炼。更为糟糕的是新提拔上来的指挥官们大多是些政治官员,以前没有带兵的经验。面对这些早期的挫折,红军的巨大成功需要自身进行大刀阔斧的改革。尽管在1941年和1942年红军遭受了巨大的损失,但是它却学到了很多东西,形成了一个作战效率高,火力强大的军队。到战争结束时,红军成长为拥有500个步兵师的强大作战力量。这些步兵师在整个东线战场的各个战役中不断重组,锻炼成了越来越有效的作战力量。

The Rifle Division


        步兵师  
The Rifle Division in 1941 consisted of a Divisional Headquarters, with its own security Platoon, three infantry Regiments, a transport Company equipped with thirteen trucks and the Divisional support elements.  
        1941年的步兵师包括一个拥有自己警卫排的师指挥部,3个步兵团,1个装备13辆卡车的运输连和师属支援单位。  
Support elements within the Division included a reconnaissance Battalion, consisting of a motorized rifle Company carried in nine trucks, an armoured car Company equipped with ten, BA-10 armoured cars and a light tank Company equipped with five T-38 tankettes.  
        支援单位包括1个侦察营,其中有1个装备9辆卡车的摩托化步兵连,1个装备BA-10装甲车的装甲车连和1个装备5辆T-38坦克的轻型坦克连。  
Other support elements included the Divisional artillery Regiment, consisting of two field Battalions, each with two Gun Batteries, equipped with four 76mm F-22 USV guns and one howitzer Battery, equipped with four 122mm M30 howitzers. In addition there was a howitzer Regiment, consisting of two light Battalions, each with three Batteries of four 122mm M30 howitzers and one medium Battalion, with three Batteries of four 152mm M1938 howitzers. In 1942, the strength of the Regiment was increased to three Battalions, but the third Battalion consisted of only one 76mm Battery. In late 1944, the Regiment was reorganized for the final time. It was comprised of five 76mm F-22 USV Batteries, one 122mm Battery and one 120mm mortar Battery. Each battery was equipped with four weapons.  
        其他志愿单位包括师属炮兵团,下设2个野战炮营。每营2个加农炮连,每连4门76mmF-22USV火炮,1个榴弹炮连,装备4门122mmM30型榴弹炮。有的步兵师加强了1个榴弹炮团。下设2个轻型榴弹炮营,每营有装备4门122mmM30型榴弹炮的连队3个,装备4门152mmM1938型榴弹炮的连队1个。1942年榴弹炮兵团的兵力增加到3个营,第3营只有1个76mm加农炮连。1944年底,榴弹炮兵团进行了最后的重组。76mmF-22USV加农炮连5个,122mm榴弹炮连1个,120mm迫击炮连1个。每个连装备4门火炮。  
The Divisional anti tank Battalion was equipped with twelve 45mm M1937 guns, in three Batteries. From 1943 onwards, the anti tank Battalions were gradually re-armed with the more modern 76mm Zis-3 guns.   
        师属反坦克营有3个反坦克连,装备12门45mmM1937型反坦克炮。1943年后,反坦克营换装为火力更为强大的76mmZis-3型加农炮。  
The Divisional anti aircraft Battalion was comprised of two light Batteries, each equipped with four 37mm 72K M1939 guns and a heavy Battery equipped with four 76mm 61K M1931 guns and was supported by a fire control section.  
        师属高炮营下设2个轻型高炮连,每连4门37mm72K M1939型高炮。1个重型高炮连装备4门76mm61K M1931型高炮。整个高炮营划分区域进行火力支援。  
The pioneer Battalion was comprised of three Companies, including a bridging Platoon capable of creating an 110m long, 3-ton bridge.  
        工兵营有3个工兵连,包括一个架桥排,能架设一座110米长,3吨的桥梁。  
The chemical Company was comprised of a decontamination platoon, and a flamethrower platoon, equipped with 30 backpack flamethrowers, grouped into three platoons, each with three 8-man squads.  
        化学连包括1个净化排,1个装备30副火焰喷射器的火焰喷射器排。  
Other support elements included a medical Battalion and a motor transport Battalion, comprised of an ammunition Platoon, a POL Platoon and a repair Platoon. The motor transport Battalion maintained a total of 120 trucks.  
        其他支援单位包括1个医护营和1个摩托化运输营,运输营有1个弹药运输排,1个POL排和1个维修排,全营共有卡车120辆。  
The Divisions three Infantry Regiments were each comprised of a Regimental HQ, including both horse mounted and infantry reconnaissance Platoons, three infantry Battalions, a signal Company, an anti tank Battery which was comprised of three platoons, each equipped with two 45mm M1937 guns, an infantry gun Battalion, also of three Platoons and each quipped with two 76mm M1927 guns, a heavy mortar Battery, which operated four 120mm M1938 mortars, an anti aircraft Company, equipped with three quad mounted 7.62mm 4M M1931 machine guns and six 12.7mm DShK machine guns, and a pioneer Company consisting of two pioneer Platoons and a chemical Platoon.  
        3个步兵团每个团的兵力配置如下:  
        1个团部  
        骑兵侦察排和步兵侦察排,  
       3个步兵营  
       1个通信连  
       1个反坦克连,3个排装备45mmM1937型反坦克炮6门  
       1个步兵炮连,3个排装备76mmM1927型加农炮6门  
       1个重型迫击炮连,装备4门120mmM1938型迫击炮  
       1个防空连,装备3挺7.62mm 4MM1931型机枪,6挺12.7mmDShK机枪  
       1个工兵连,2个工兵排和1个化学排。  


The Rifle Battalion



        步兵营

The Russian rifle Battalion of June 1941, was composed of a Battalion Headquarters, formed by a Battalion Commander, his staff officers and a political officer. The HQ group also included a signal Platoon to maintain radio, wire and telephone communications, an anti tank Platoon, equipped with two 45mm M1937 guns, a supply Platoon which was entirely reliant on horses and wagons and a medical Detachment.  
       1941年6月的苏军步兵营兵力配置如下:  
       1个营部,包括营长和他的参谋军官,1个营政治委员  
        营部还包括1个通信排,负责无线电,电报和电话通讯  
        1个反坦克排,装备4门45mm M1937型加农炮  
        1个骑兵支援排  
        1个医疗分队。  
Support elements within the Battalion consisted of a machine gun Company, which was comprised of a Company HQ and three Platoons, each equipped with four M1910 Maxim machine guns and a mortar Company comprising of a Company HQ and three Platoons, each equipped with a pair of PM-41 82mm mortars.



        1个机枪连,包括连部和3个机枪排,每个排4挺M1910型马克沁机枪。

        1个迫击炮连,保罗连部和3个迫击炮排,每排2门PM-41型82mm迫击炮。

The Battalions three Rifle Companies each comprised of a Company HQ, three Rifle Platoons, a Medical Detachment and a Machine Gun Platoon equipped with a pair of M1910 Maxims.  
        3个步兵连,每个连1个连部,3个步兵排,1个医疗分队,1个机枪排装备M1910型马克沁机枪2挺。  
The three Rifle Platoons each consisted of a Platoon HQ with an Officer, Sergeant and runner and a Light Mortar Squad, which was led by an NCO, with a gunner and two ammunition bearers. The squad was equipped with a single 50mm light mortar.  
        每个步兵排包括1个排部(排部1个军官,1个中士,1个通信兵和1个轻型迫击炮小队,装备1门50mm轻型迫击炮。)  
The four Rifle Squads within each Platoon were comprised of 11 men. On paper this should have been a remarkably well-armed unit. It comprised an NCO with a rifle, two men equipped for close combat with PPD sub machine guns, a large rifle element of six men, all armed with either the Mosin-Nagant or occasionally the SVT 40, and a gunner and loader for the Squad's single light machine gun, the Degtaryev DP.  
        每个排有4个步兵班,每班11个人。按规定步兵应该装备精良。其中1名军士装备步枪,两个士兵装备近战使用的PPD冲锋枪,6名士兵携带步枪,所有的枪械应该是莫辛纳干步枪或者SVT40狙击步枪,机枪手和装填手装备德加廖夫步兵轻机枪。  
The severe losses suffered in the immediate aftermath of the German invasion saw manpower within the Rifle Battalions reduced in July 1941, in an attempt to reorganise them into an effective fighting force.  
        步兵营兵员的缺额在1941年7月德国入侵后立刻暴露出来,红军不断尝试重组步兵营来提升它的实际作战能力。  
The Signals and Medical and Supply Platoons were all reduced in strength. The Anti Tank Gun Platoon was deleted entirely, denuding the Battalion of what minimal defence they could offer. The Mortar Company was reduced to a single Platoon of just two 82mm tubes, and then even this was deleted.  
        通信排,医护排和支援排被削弱了。反坦克排被直接撤销。迫击炮连减少为1个排2门82mm迫击炮,后来也被撤消了。  
Within the Rifle Companies, the integral Machine Gun Platoon was deleted, as was the 50mm mortar Squad in each Rifle Platoon. Worse still, there were insufficient DP light machine guns available to arm all four Squads, so only two were issued per Platoon, leaving two Squads devoid of any automatic firepower. The issue of PPsh 41 SMG's was also cutback. In addition each Rifle Company now received its own Political Officer.  
        步兵连的机枪排被撤消了,每个排增加了1门50mm迫击炮。但是DP轻机枪的配置不足,每个排只有2挺,导致其中2个班缺乏自动武器。波波沙冲锋枪的数量也不够。但是没个步兵连都新配置了1名指导员。  
It was obvious that the reductions imposed could only be a temporary measure while the Army as a whole attempted to stabilise itself. Gradually, the trend was reversed, and the Battalion became a more capable unit again.  
        很显然减少编制只是一个临时性的办法,整个红军正在进型过渡。渐渐地,营级单位越来越开始成为了主力作战单位。  
Beginning in late 1941, enough LMG's were found to equip three Squads per Platoon, though manpower shortages probably made the creation of a fourth Squad academic in most cases. By early 1942, every Rifle Squad had its own LMG again. A new weapon, in the form of an Anti Tank Rifle, was also added. The weapon had been available in limited supply in 1941, however ammunition for it was not. The Battalion received sixteen of them in an anti-tank rifle Company of 48 men.  
        1941年底开始,每个排都组建了3个轻型迫击炮小队,而原本是计划组建4个迫击炮小队的,由于兵力缺乏,这一理论被取消了。到1942年初,每个步兵班都再次配置了自己的轻型迫击炮。并且增加了新式武器反坦克步枪。这种武器在1941年就配置到了部队,但是没有形成规模。每个步兵营的反坦克连有48个人,16把反坦克步枪。
In mid 1942 a new table of organisation was issued. The Mortar Company was reinstated, consisting of twelve 82mm tubes in an ungainly six Platoons. The Machine Gun Company lost one gun per Platoon, for a reduced total of nine. Each Rifle Company also received a 50mm mortar Platoon serving four tubes. The Rifle Squad's within the Platoons were reduced to nine men, consisting of a commander with an SMG, a gunner and loader serving the DP light machine gun, and six riflemen. The PPsh 41 sub machine gun was by now available in large numbers.  
        1942年中期,步兵营又进行了改组。迫击炮连恢复建制,包括12门82mm迫击炮,分成6个排。机枪连每个排减少1挺机枪,总共变成9挺。每个步兵连增加了1个50mm迫击炮排,每个排4门迫击炮。步兵班减少为9人,班长装备冲锋枪,机枪手和弹药手装备德加廖夫步兵轻机枪,6个步枪手。波波沙41型冲锋枪此时还没有大量生产。
At the end of 1942 several further amendments were made. Within the Rifle Squads, two Squads per Platoon were issued with a second DP light machine gun for a total of six in the Platoon. At Company level, the Mortar Platoon was reduced to seven men serving two tubes, while a four man Squad manning a Maxim machine gun were added. Of more importance, the Battalion finally received its own anti-tank guns, albeit only the 45mm, with two small Squads each serving a single gun.



        1942年底,编制再次进行了修改。步兵排中的两个班各再装备1挺德加廖夫步兵轻机枪,使得步兵排的机枪总数增加为6挺。在连级单位上,迫击炮排减少为7人,2门迫击炮。但是增加了1个装备马克沁机枪的4人班。更重要的是,营级单位得到了自己的反坦克炮,虽然只有45mm口径。分为2个班,每个班1门火炮。

The Motor Rifle Battalion



        车载步兵营

The motor rifle Battalion, were the Desant troops, riding with or in close proximity of the tanks they supported and deploying on foot during the assault, before jumping back onto their mounts to renew the advance. The support elements of the Battalion would be mainly truck borne to enable them to keep up with the rapid movement of the armoured forces they were tasked with supporting. The Battalion was a very lean formation and was provided with the bare minimum of support elements required to help it achieve its tasks.  
        车载步兵营是快速部队,乘坐卡车跟随坦克或者搭乘坦克前进,在进攻时下车徒步突击。车载步兵营的支援单位主要是卡车,士兵乘坐卡车迅速行动,跟随装甲部队进行支援。车载步兵营是一个非常有依赖性的兵种。需要有支援单位来帮助其完成作战任务。
The Battalion was comprised of a Battalion Headquarters with a small medical Detachment and a signals Platoon. In mid 1942, three armoured cars, of varying types were added as a light reconnaissance arm. The remainder of the Battalion was formed by three Rifle Companies, a mortar Platoon, equipped with six PM-41 82mm mortars, a machine gun Platoon, equipped with six DP LMG's, an anti tank Platoon equipped with two 45mm M1937 guns and a supply Platoon.  
        车载步兵营的组成包括:
        营部
        医疗班
        通信排
       1942年中期,增加了1个装备3辆装甲车的轻型侦察排。
        3个步兵连
        1个迫击炮排,6门PM-41型82mm迫击炮。
        1个机枪排,6挺德加廖夫轻机枪
        1个反坦克排,2门45mmM1937型反坦克炮
        1个支援排。
Of the three rifle Companies, one was a submachine gun Company which rode with the tanks and two were lorry borne rifle Companies.  
        3个步兵连中,有1个是冲锋枪连,搭乘坦克。另外两个是步枪连。
The submachine gun Company was comprised of a Company HQ and three rifle Platoons, each formed from a Platoon HQ and three 8-man squads, all riflemen being equipped with the PPsh-41 sub machine gun. From 1943 onwards, the number of men in the rifle squad was increased to ten.  
        冲锋枪连包括1个连部和3个排,每个排包括1个排部和3个班,每班8个人,所有步兵装备波波沙-41型冲锋枪。从1943年开始,步兵班的人数增加为10人。
The rifle Companies were comprised of a Company HQ with a medical squad, and three rifle platoons each formed from a Platoon HQ and three 8-man squads.



        步枪连包括1个配备医疗班的连部,3个步枪排,每排1个排部和3个步枪班,每班8人。

The Motorised Infantry Battalion



        摩托化步兵营

The motorised infantry Battalion was a lorry borne unit, equipped with around sixty motor vehicles. It was very similar to the rifle Battalion of mid 1942 described previously. The major differences were as follows.  
        摩步营是一种车载步兵单位,装备60辆摩托化车辆。它和1942年中期的步兵营类似,但是有以下不同:
Each of its three Rifle Companies deployed three Platoons of four Squads, with one DP LMG each. The 50mm mortar Platoon was replaced by a two-gun machine gun Platoon. Initially, there was no integral machine gun Company, but later one was added serving nine weapons. The mortar Company was equipped with six 82mm tubes and the anti tank Battery was equipped with four 45mm guns.
        每个摩托化步兵连有3个排,每个排4个班,其中1个是德加廖夫步兵轻机枪班。50mm迫击炮排取代了机枪排。取消了机枪连,但是后期增加了9挺机枪。迫击炮连装备6门82mm迫击炮,反坦克炮连装备4门45mm反坦克炮。

作者: Adolf.Hitler    時間: 2014-10-23 17:09




  The weapon was fed from a five round box magazine and was bolt operated. It was an improved version of the original weapon introduced in 1891. Improvements included a new bayonet mount, new sights and an improved cartridge clip design. These were introduced in 1930 and saw the weapon re-issued as the M1891/30. In addition to the basic version, two further variants were produced. The first, a sniper version, was introduced in 1937, with higher production standards and a down turned bolt handle to improve operation. The second was a carbine version, the M1938, introduced in 1939. Improvements to this variant in 1943 saw it reintroduced as the M1944. The improvements included a shortened stock and the fitting of an integral, folding bayonet. Production of all variants continued until the end of the war. Captured weapons were used extensively by German forces and were designated the Gewehr 254(r).

这种枪有个5发子弹的弹夹,射击时需要拉枪栓。这是在1891年提出的原版的改进型。改进的地方包括一把新型刺刀,新瞄准器和改进后的弹夹设计。这些设计改进都是在1930年推出,改进后的枪型称为M1891/30。除了基本的版本,还有另外两个变种。第一种是一把狙击步枪,在1937年推出,生产标准比较高,枪栓向下操作,改善了枪支的操控。另一种是卡宾枪版本M1938,在1939年推出。1943年进行了重新设计改进的版本是M1944。这些改进包括缩短弹量和不能拆卸的折叠刺刀配件。所有改进型生产一直持续到战争结束。德国人缴获这种枪之后也进行了广泛使用,并称之为格韦尔254(R)。





  The Tokarev SVT-38 was first introduced in 1939. This weapon was unpopular with Russian troops as it proved inaccurate and unreliable. It was also too heavy and had an excessive recoil. It was gas operated and fed by a 10 round box magazine. In 1940, improvements were made, including a reduction in weight and a strengthening of the mechanism. The weapon was reintroduced as the SVT-40. Unfortunately the durability of the mechanism was poor and there was little improvement in accuracy. A sniper version of the SVT-40 was also introduced, which incorporated the addition of a bracket for fitting a PU optical sight. However the weapons poor accuracy led to only limited use in this role. A further variant, the AVT-40, was introduced in 1942. It was modified to enable selective fire, either full or semi-automatic. This variant was even more unreliable and production ended in mid 1943. Captured weapons were used extensively by German forces and were designated the Selbsladegewehr 259(r).

托卡列夫SVT-38在1939年首次推出。这种武器在俄军中并不受欢迎,因为它被证明是不准确和不可靠的。它也太沉重了,而且后坐力很大。 这种枪支是通过气压操控和弹药量为10发。1940年,苏军对其进行了改进,包括减少重量,加强机械装置。改进后的武器称为SVT-40。不幸的是,该机械装置的耐用性较差,在精度上改善甚微。此外还有SVT-40的狙击版本,增加了一个PU光学瞄准具支架。 然而,武器精度差,以致其没有发挥多大作用。另一种版本是AVT - 40,在1942年推出。无论是全部或半自动都进行了射击上的改进。 这个改进版更加不可靠,并在1943年年中停产。德军缴获后也进行了广泛使用,并称之为Selbsladegewehr 259(R)。





         The Simonev AVS-36 was introduced in 1937, after many years of development. It was gas operated and could either be fed by a 15 round box magazine, or top loaded with five round cartridge clips. The weapon was difficult to manufacture because of its complicated mechanism. It was too heavy and was complicated to operate. It also proved inaccurate when fired rapidly and was prone to stoppages if the mechanism became fowled with dirt. The rifle had a cleaning rod attached to its right side and a very large muzzle brake in end of the barrel. The weapon was also used in the sniping role and could be fitted with a PE (PT) rifle scope, which was installed off centre, to the left side of the rifle. Production of the rifle ended in 1940 when the SVT-38 entered service, but the weapon still remained in use during the early years of the war. German forces also used captured weapons, which they designated the Selbsladegewehr 257(r).

西蒙涅夫AVS-36经过多年的发展在1937年推出。它通过气压操控,既可以装备一个15发的弹夹,或在顶部加载一个5发的弹夹。这种枪是制造困难,因为它的机械机构十分复杂。 而且改枪过于沉重,操作复杂。 在快速射击时射击精度不准确,在枪支出现污垢后容易出现故障。步枪的右侧有一个清洁棒,在枪管的后面有个很大的制动装置。这种武器装上一个PE(PT)的瞄准镜也被用于狙击,瞄准镜在枪左侧安装。 在1940年底SVT - 38步枪停产,但在战争初期这种武器仍在使用。德军也缴获了不少这种枪支命名为Selbsladegewehr 257(R)。





  Originally introduced in 1935 as the PPD, this weapon was gradually refined through the adoption of several modifications and re-issued as the PPSh M1941 in 1940. Production methods were simplified, not only to improve the manufacturing process, but also to improve the weapons reliability. The original 71 round drum magazine was supplemented in early 1942 by a 35 round box magazine and both types could be used on the weapon. However the drum magazine was prone to stoppages and difficult to manufacture and so was gradually phased out. The weapon itself was rugged and reliable and would operate well in almost any conditions. It incorporated selective fire, capable of both full and semi automatic fire. Production of the weapon continued throughout the war. Captured weapons were used extensively by German forces and were designated the MP717(r).

最初的PPD在1935年推出,这种武器是通过几个修改逐步完善,并在1940改称PPSh M1941。生产方法进行了简化,不仅提高了制造工艺,而且还提高了武器的可靠性。原来的71发弹夹在1942年初增加了一个35发的弹夹,这两种类型的弹夹在改枪上都可使用。然而,圆形的弹夹因为难以制造而逐渐被淘汰。这种武器本身坚固,可靠,并几乎在任何条件下都能运作良好。它的开火装置可以选择,既可以全自动也可以半自动。该武器在整个战争中都在生产。 德军对此广泛使用,并称之为MP717(R)的。





  The Degtaryev DP1927 medium machine gun was introduced in 1927. The weapon was gas operated and fed by a 47 round, flat drum magazine. Despite the fact that the weapon was simple to operate and easy to produce, it became unreliable after excessive use. In 1944, a modified version, the M1944, was introduced. Reliability was improved and a pistol grip added to increase stability and production continued until the end of the war. Captured weapons were used extensively by German forces and were designated the leMG 120(r).

捷格加廖夫DP1927中型机枪在1927年推出。这种武器是气压操控和弹药量47发。尽管该武器是操作简单,易于制作,但是过度使用时是不可靠的。1944年推出了修改后的版本,M1944。 可靠性进行了改进,手枪握把增加稳定性直到战争结束这种机枪都在持续生产。德国军队缴获后也广泛使用,并命名为leMG 120(R)。





  The Maxim M1910 heavy machine gun was originally introduced in 1910. It was a belt fed, water cooled weapon and due to its excessive weight was mounted on a wheeled carriage to improve mobility. It was also fitted with a small shield to provide limited protection for the firers. During its lifetime, improvements were made to simplify its ease of manufacture. The gun was rugged and reliable and would operate well in most conditions. Despite an initial halt to production in 1941, it was resumed in 1942 and continued until the end of the war. Although large numbers of this gun were captured by the Germans, they considered it too cumbersome for front line use.

马克沁M1910重机枪于1910年首次推出。这是一种水冷武器,由于重量太大而安装在轮式车,以确保其机动性。有的机枪安装了小盾,为机枪手提供保护装置。在其一生中,为了制造方便改进了简化。这种机枪坚固,可靠,在大多数情况下运作良好。尽管1941年初停止生产,但在1942年重新恢复,直到战争结束时仍在继续生产。虽然这枪大量被德军俘虏,但是他们认为它太繁琐而不在前线使用。





  This anti tank rifle was introduced in 1939. Production was halted the same year and only resumed in 1941, with two variants produced by different manufacturers. The PTRS was produced by Simonov and was a semi automatic weapon, fed by a five round magazine and fitted with a muzzle break. The PTRD was produced by Degtaryev and was a bolt action, single shot weapon, fitted with a muzzle break and a spring loaded butt plate to reduce recoil. The Degtaryev was far simpler to produce and became the most numerous type in use. Both weapons were large and cumbersome and required a two man team to operate. Both weapons could penetrate 35mm of armour at 100m, but by mid 1942 were more or less obsolete. They reamined in use as they could still be effective against the side and rear of some vehicles from close range.

这种反坦克步枪在1939年推出。在同一年停止生产,在1941年恢复生产,有两个不同版本。PTRS版本由一个由西蒙诺夫生产,是一种半自动武器,弹药量5发,并有一个缓冲装置。另一个PTRD制是由捷格加廖夫制造,拉栓操控,单发的武器,有缓冲装置和一钢板弹簧来以减少后坐力。捷格加廖夫版本由于更加简单而大量生产和使用。这两种武器都是大而笨重,需要两个人进行操作 这两种武器在100的距离上可以穿透35毫米装甲,但1942年中期或多或少过时了。因为它们仍然可以对从近距离和一些车辆后方进行打击,因而仍在使用。





  The PM-38, 50mm light mortar was introduced in 1939. The weapon incorporated a small bipod, through which the vertical mounting bar passed. Two small recoil cylinders were attached to the traverse rod at the fore end of the barrel. The weapon only included two elevation settings, 45° and 75°. The range was varied by turning a rotating sleeve at the base, which opened a variable number of gas ports. The weapon was reliable and simple to operate, but complicated to manufacture. It was replaced in 1940 by an improved design, the PM-40. The new design simplified the manufacturing process. The following year another variant was introduced, the PM-41. It dispensed with the bipod legs which were replaced with a yoke attached to the base plate. Production ended in 1943 as the Russians looked to heavier designs to fulfill the role.

PM-38,50毫米迫击炮在1939年推出。该武器有一个小脚架,通过这些垂直的脚架可以进行固定。两个小手拉桶里附着在导线杆炮管前。 这种武器只有两个射击角,45 °和75 °。 变化的范围是由转动底座,开辟了气口数目可变旋转套筒。 这种武器很可靠,操作简单,但是生产复杂。1940年推出改进型的PM-40。新的设计简化了生产工艺。 次年推出了新的型号PM-41。 它免除了一些与附着在底板的轭取代脚架的腿。 在1943年停产,俄军准备进行大的改造以适应新的角色。





  This weapon, introduced in 1936, was based on the French Brandt Mle27/31 81mm mortar. The Russians adapted it by increasing the bore to 82mm. The following year further improvements were made and the weapon was reintroduced as the PM-37. The improvements included replacing the rectangular base plate with a circular one and adding recoil units between the bipod and barrel. In 1941 a major redesign was instigated. The bipod was replaced by a single monopod elevation rod, which incorporated two short legs at the bottom. The new variant was designated the PM-41. A final version, the PM-43, was introduced in 1943. The weapons legs were fitted with a stub axle and steel wheels to enable the weapon to be towed by hand.

这种武器在1936年基于法国勃兰特Mle27/31 81毫米迫击炮推出。 俄罗斯对它进行了调整,口径增加到82毫米。次年进一步改进的PM - 37重新提出。这些改进包括更换一个圆形一个长方形的底座和炮管之间的两脚架和后坐力装置。1941年对其进行重新设计。两脚架取而代之的是一个单杆脚架,其中底部两个短腿。 该进行的被指定的PM-41。最后一个版本,PM-43,在1943年推出。 这些武器的双腿安装在一个存根车轴和车轮上,以便可以手拉牵引。


  HM-38 120mm Mortar

  This weapon was introduced in 1938 and was one of the best mortars employed by any side during the war. The German Army extensively used captured weapons of this type and eventually implemented its production themselves in 1942. The weapon was accurate, reliable and simple to operate. It was carried on a metal framed, two wheel limber, which was towed behind a 20 round caisson. A slightly improved version, the HM-41 was introduced in 1941, which incorporated a single spring buffer between the barrel and bipod. Production of the weapon continued until the end of the war. Captured weapons were used extensively by German forces and were designated the GrW 378(r).

这种武器在1938年推出,在战争期间是任何一方最好的迫击炮之一。德国军队广泛使用这种类型的武器,并在1942年开始自己生产。该武器准确,可靠,操作简单。通过两轮金属架进行牵引,后面是20发炮弹。1941年推出HM - 41改进版,其中包括枪管和两脚架单弹簧缓冲器。该武器生产一直持续到战争结束。 德国军队缴获后广泛使用,并称之为GrW 378(R)。





  This grenade was introduced in the early 1940's. This is the F-1 Fugasnaya (high explosive) fragmentation grenade. It has the early Koveshnikov fuze, made of brass and steel. This fuze design was replaced by the UZRG type sometime around 1942. The design was dated and the grenades were often crude and poorly finished. The steel safety lever and fuze cap are a one piece unit, which is spring loaded and pops off when released. Inside the brass fuze stem is a cocked striker under a second spring, held safe by a steel ball indented in the side. This ball is freed when the cap departs, releasing the striker. The stem has a hole in the top and the striker is grooved to vent gas from the burning delay, which is about 4 seconds. The grenade contained 50g of high explosive and had an effective casualty radius of 20m. The grenade weighed 370g.

这种手榴弹是在1940年初推出。这是一种F-1 Fugasnay​​a(高爆)碎片手榴弹。它使用的是早期科维什尼科夫引信,由黄铜和钢制成。大约在1942年这种引信设计被UZRG所取代。 设计过时,工艺粗糙,成品很差。钢安全杆,引信帽是一个部分,当弹簧和持久性有机污染物关闭时释放。黄铜引信内干是第二个弹簧,由钢球缩进保护安全。这个球是上限离开时释放,释放的前锋。阀杆的上面一个洞,引信大约延时4秒。手榴弹爆炸含高爆炸药50克,有效杀伤半径20米。手榴弹重370克。





  The RG-42 anti personnel hand grenade, appeared early during 1941. It's body was made of sheet steel, but also featured an internal, multi-layered fragmentation liner. The cylindrical body contained the warhead with 118g of high explosive, which produced a 20m effective casualty radius. It used the UZRGM fuse which gave a 3.2 to 4 second time delay. The total weight of the grenade with the fuse was about 500g.

RG - 42人员杀伤手榴弹,出现在1941年初。它的外体是用钢板制成,内部有多层次的碎片衬垫。圆柱型的弹体内是118克高爆炸药,有效伤亡半径20米。它使用UZRGM保险丝,延时3.2至4秒。 手榴弹加上导火索总重量约为500克。





  This grenade was introduced in 1933. It had a high explosive warhead in a cylindrical cap, surrounded by a serrated steel sleeve, atop a wooden stick. The fuse delay was only 3.5 seconds. The grenade body contained all the explosive elements, as well as a coiled and segmented internal fragmentation belt. It is a sealed unit, crimped at the base. The top hatch rotates to open a central tube where the fuze/detonator was inserted. The removable fragmentation sleeve was used as required for defensive purposes. The fuze/detonator assembly, body and handle were packaged and transported separately. The handle consists of two major assemblies, an internal handle tube with a cam insert, and an external handle holding the firing pin clip. A strong coiled spring joins the two, pulling them together. The grenade contained 200g of high explosive and had an effective casualty radius of 20m. The grenade weighed 600g.

这种手榴弹在1933年推出。它是一枚高爆弹头由锯齿钢套包围安装在一个木棍顶上。保险丝延时仅为3.5秒。 手榴弹的弹体中包含的所有爆炸元素,以及一个盘绕的和内部碎片带。这是一个密封的物体,在内部卷曲安放。 打开旋转口顶部有一个中心管引信/雷管可以插入。可以根据防守需要拆卸的碎片。引信/雷管装配,弹体和手柄是分开包装和运输。 手柄由两个主要组件,一个内部处理凸轮插入管和一个外部处理持有撞针的拉环。一个强大的卷曲的弹簧把两个连在一起。 手榴弹爆炸物有200克,有效杀伤半径为20米。 手榴弹重600克。
作者: Adolf.Hitler    時間: 2014-10-23 17:09





  Headwear 头饰

  The most favored item of headwear for the Russian infantryman was the side cap or 'pilotka'. It was seen as unmanly to wear a helmet and the side cap was far more comfortable. The most common Russian helmet in use at the beginning of the campaign was the M36 type, although this was gradually replaced by the M40 type, which entered service during 1940. It was lined with three canvas pads, filled with wadding and provided enough room to allow the 'pilotka' to be worn underneath.

俄国步兵最青睐的头饰是带边帽或称为'pilotka'的帽子。他们认为戴头盔的都是懦夫,侧边帽更加舒适。在最早战场上使用最常见的俄军头盔的是M36型,但是后来被M40型头盔逐渐代替。M40型头盔在1940年开始佩戴。它内衬有三个帆布垫,絮用纤维填充,还有足够的空间来包含'pilotka'。

  Webbing 背带



  Russian infantrymen wore no webbing as such and their field equipment was fairly rudimentary. It also differed greatly from man to man, due to the poor availability of certain items.

  It consisted of a canvas waist belt to which the ammunition pouches were attached. Each soldier was issued two leather rifle cartridge pouches, each of which held twenty rounds. Soldiers were also issued additional ammunition, carried in either a fabric pouch containing thirty rounds or a fabric bandoleer containing ninety rounds. A special ammunition pouch was issued to these soldiers carrying the PPSh sub machine gun. The pouch could hold three of the drum type magazines, or later in the war, six of the box type magazines.

  Other equipment was carried in a rucksack. Two types, the Model 1930 and the Model 1938 were both in use in 1941. Regulations stipulated that the rucksack was to carry spare clothing, the cape shelter and rifle cleaning equipment. The pack incorporated straps, which were used to carry tent poles and pegs.

  In similar fashion to German infantrymen, the M41 ration pouch, or bread bag, was issued to carry rations and mess kit and was worn attached to the belt. The 1938 pattern mess tin, was of a similar design to the German 'kidney shaped' version, which consisted of a base and a lid. The base of the mess tin could be cooked in, while the lid when turned upside down, helped to keep the food hot.

  The 1.5ltr canteen, or 'flyagha', was issued to Red Army troops and worn on the belt. It was made of aluminum and was held in a canvas cover, which could be removed easily from the belt. A grenade carrying pouch was also issued, again worn on the belt, which carried two of the RDG33 type stick grenades. Some troops were also issued an entrenching tool, 'bolshaya sapyornaya lopata' and a carrying pouch. The final item of equipment to be issued was the gas mask bag and BN-T5 gas mask, which could be slung over the shoulder. Despite the issue of gasmasks at the beginning of the campaign, many soldiers discarded the mask and the gasmask bag was often used as an additional pouch to carry rations and ammunition.

  For poor weather, soldiers were issued a cape shelter, called 'plashch palatka'. Made from a dark olive fabric, it could be joined together to form two or four man shelters. The shelter, along with the greatcoat, were often made into a roll and worn across the chest.

俄国步兵不戴背带,他们的占地装备也是相当简陋。人与人之间由于某些兵种的得到的很少,也有很大的不同。

一个帆布做的腰带来携带来弹药。每个士兵配发了两个皮革步枪子弹盒袋,每个盒带20发子弹。士兵也增发弹药,携带一个30发子弹的弹药袋或者90发子弹的子弹袋。携带波波沙冲锋枪的士兵配发一个特殊的弹药袋。弹药袋能携带3个圆盘弹夹,战争后期能携带6个弹夹。

其他装备放在一个背囊里。背囊有两种类型,1930型和1938年型,两种都是1941年同时推出的。条例规定,背包用来携带备用服装,披肩睡袋和步枪清洗设备。背带有一条皮带,用来捆绑帐篷杆和挂钩。

和德国步兵的装备类似,M41型口粮袋,或面包袋,用来携带口粮和餐具,还配发了一条带子。1938型锡制餐具,和德国的“肾型”餐盒类似,包括一个饭盒和一个盖子。饭盒的底座可以烹煮,有助于保持食物热。

    红军部队配发的1.5升的水壶,或称'flyagha',也有一条皮带。 水壶是铝制的,外面有帆布覆盖,可轻易从带子上摘取。士兵还配发了一条有皮带的手榴弹带,可以携带2枚RDG33型长柄手榴弹。一些部队还配发挖掘工具,'bolshaya sapyornaya lopata'和一个便携袋。 最后一个装备是防毒面具袋和BN-T5防毒面具,可在肩上挎着。尽管在战争开始时配发了防毒面具但是很多士兵丢弃了面具和防毒面具袋,而多楔带一个子弹袋或者口粮。

由于恶劣的天气,士兵们发出了斗篷帐篷,叫做'plashch palatka'。由深橄榄色织物制成,可以结合在一起,形成两个或四个人的帐篷。 帐篷和大衣,往往卷起来,在携带在胸前。

  Clothing服装

  The most common type of uniform in use at the beginning of the campaign was the Model 1935 field dress. The jacket or 'gymnastiorka' was a simple garment, which resembled the traditional peasant shirt. It was issued in both summer and winter types, with one made of lightweight cotton and the other of wool. Both types featured reinforced elbows to reduce wear. The trousers or 'sharovari' were a traditional type of semi riding breech. There were several types of boot worn. Officers were issued an all leather high leg boot, while lower ranks were issued either a similar pattern high leg boot, or 'sapogi', which was made from cheaper leather or an ankle boot with puttees. All ranks were issued with a greatcoat, however the type issued to officers was of better quality.

  Winter clothing consisted of a padded jacket, 'telogreika', made of heavy cotton, padded trousers, the 'vatnie sharovari' and a fur cap, the 'shapka ushanka'. Felt boots called 'valenki' were also issued.

  In 1943, the Red Army introduced significant changes in its combat dress. The new pattern 'gymnastiorka' reverted to a Tsarist style with a stand up collar and other modifications in tailoring and coloring to identify rank and service.

战争开始时最常见的制服是1935版战地服装。夹克衫或称'gymnastiorka'是一个简单的服装,它类似农民的传统衬衫。有夏季和冬季两种类型,前者由轻质的棉花制成,后者由羊毛制成。这两种衣服都有护肘,减少磨损。裤子或称'sharovari'是一个传统的半骑臀位型。还有几种类型的靴子。军官穿的是高腿靴,基层人员或便宜的皮革制成穿高腿靴或称'sapogi',或穿没有护腿的靴子。所有均线的官兵都发一件大衣,当然军官们的质量要好。  
冬装包括一件棉袄'telogreika',里面包含沉重的棉花,棉裤'vatnie sharovari'和毛皮帽'shapka ushanka'。长靴'valenki'。


1943年,红军的作战服饰有了重大变化。 新式的'gymnastiorka'恢复了沙皇俄国的风格,领章其他的修改剪裁和颜色来确定军衔和服役时间。
作者: Adolf.Hitler    時間: 2014-10-23 17:10

Russian Awards  苏军勋章


  The Gold Star (Hero of the Soviet Union)金星勋章(苏联英雄)  
  
  Instituted in August 1939, the gold star medal was the supreme mark of distinction of the Soviet Union. It was awarded for deeds of heroism or feats contributing to the honour and benefit of the Soviet Union. When the gold star is bestowed, the recipient is also awarded The Order of Lenin and given the title "Hero of the Soviet Union". The award is a pure gold, five-pointed star with a red ribbon.  
  For subsequent awards the recipient receives a further gold star and a further Order of Lenin. The recipient is also awarded with a statue of themselves in their home town.  
  1939年8月金星勋章开始颁发,这是苏联最高级的勋章。它被授予那些有英雄事迹或对苏联的荣誉和利益有突出贡献荣誉的人。授予金星勋章时,如果被授于勋章的人也会被授予列宁奖章和“苏联英雄”的称号。这种勋章是纯金的五星配上一条红色丝带。  
   再一次被授勋的人会再次获得金星勋章和列宁奖章。获得勋章的人在自己的家乡树立自己的雕像。  
  The Order of Victory 胜利奖章  


  Instituted in November 1943, this award is the highest military decoration of the Soviet Union. It was awarded to only the most senior military commanders. It is awarded to those who have made an outstanding leadership contribution at the highest command level, conducting combat actions on one or more fronts resulting in victory for the Red Army.  
  The award is a five-pointed platinum star, inset with five faceted rubies forming a second star, which is studded with 174 diamonds. The centre is a pure gold depiction of the Kremlin Spassky Tower. The ribbon is multi coloured. This medal was the most exotic and costly award produced by any country during WWII.  
  这种奖章在1943年11月设立,是苏联部队的最高荣誉。只颁发给最高级的军事指挥官,那些在最高级别的指挥水平,包括在红军一次或多次前线作战行动中取得胜利,有着杰出领导才能的人。  
  
该奖章有一个五角星里面是五面红宝石,构成第二个星,上面镶嵌了174颗钻石。奖章中心是一枚纯金制造的克里姆林宫斯帕斯基塔楼。绶带是彩色的。这是二次世界大战所有国家中最有国家特色而且是最昂贵的奖章。  
  The Order of Lenin 列宁奖章  


  Instituted in April 1930, the Order of Lenin was awarded for outstanding service to the Soviet Union.  
  The award is a circular pure gold badge bearing a portrait of Lenin and surrounded by a gold wreath. Also inset are the hammer and sickle and the Soviet star. The ribbon is red, edged with thin gold stripes.  
  For subsequent awards the recipient receives a further Order of Lenin.  
  这枚奖章在1930年4月开始颁发,授予苏联军队中服役杰出的人。   
  该奖章是一个圆形的纯金徽章,里面是金色花环包围的的画像。还有镰刀锤头以及苏维埃红星。旗帜是红色的边缘镶了薄薄的金边。  
  再一次被授勋的人还会再获得一枚列宁奖章。
  
  Order of the Red Banner 红旗奖章  
  
  Instituted in August 1924, the Order of the Red Banner was awarded to officers and men of the Red army, navy and air force for outstanding bravery contributing the success of Soviet forces.  
  The award is a silver oval badge. Golden oak leaves surround a plough, bayonet and hammer overlaid with a golden hammer and sickle. Above this is a red banner. The ribbon is striped white and red.  
  For subsequent awards the recipient receives a further medal with a plaque denoting the number of times subsequently awarded.  
  该奖章在1924年8月设立,授予为苏军胜利作出杰出勇敢贡献的红军海军和空军指战员。  
该奖章是一个银色椭圆形徽章。金橡树叶环绕一把犁头,刺刀和锤子,上面覆盖着一把金色的锤头和镰刀。再上面是一面红色的旗帜。绶带颜色是白色和红色。  
如果再次获得这枚奖章,将会获得一个小牌子记录获得奖章的次数。  
    Order of Suvorov 苏沃洛夫奖章  
  
  Instituted in July 1942, the Order of Suvorov was awarded to senior commanders for outstanding successes in leading troops. The order given in three classes, 1st in platinum, 2nd in gold and 3rd in silver.  
  The award was a five-pointed rayed star. The central medallion bears a portrait of Alexander Suvorov resting on oak leaves. The ribbons were green with orange stripes relating to the class of medal awarded, one for 1st, two for 2nd and three for 3rd.  
  苏沃洛夫奖章在1942年7月设立,授予领导军队取得杰出成就的高级指挥官。奖章分为三个等级,一级为铂金,二级为金质,三级银质。  
  该奖章是一枚闪光射线的五角星。奖章中心是橡树叶包围的亚历山大·苏沃洛夫的肖​​像。绶带是绿底加橙色条纹,条纹与奖章等级一致,一级奖章一条条纹,二级二条,三级三条。
  
  Order of Kutuzov 库图佐夫奖章  
  
  Instituted in July 1942, the Order of Kutuzov was awarded to senior commanders for the planning and execution of operations leading to the defeat of the enemy, which do not qualify for the Order of Suvorov.  
  The order was awarded in three classes, gold and platinum for 1st, silver for 2nd and silver again but of reduced size for 3rd.  
  The award was a ten-pointed semi rayed star. The central medallion bears a portrait of Marshal Kutuzov topped by the Spassky tower under a Soviet star. The ribbons were blue with orange stripes relating to the class of medal awarded, one for 1st, two for 2nd and three for 3rd.  
  库图佐夫奖章在1942年7月设立,授予指定和领导对敌作战获得胜利的高级指挥官,比苏沃洛夫奖章等级要低。  
  该奖章也分三类,一级铂金和金质,二级银质,三级也是银质但是形状要小一些。  
  该奖项是一个十角半发光射线星型奖章。中央是库图佐夫元帅的肖像背景是斯帕斯基塔上方是一枚苏联红星。绶带是蓝底加橙色条纹,条纹与奖章等级一致,一级奖章一条条纹,二级二条,三级三条。
  
  Order of Khmelnitsky 赫梅利尼茨基奖章  
  
  Instituted in October 1943, the order was awarded to Soviet military personnel and partisan leaders who distinguished themselves in battle.  
  The order was awarded in three classes, gold and silver for 1st, silver for 2nd and silver again but of reduced size for 3rd.  
  The award was a ten-pointed semi rayed star. The central medallion bears a portrait of Bogdan Khmelnitsky holding a mace. The ribbons were light blue with white stripes relating to the class of medal awarded, one for 1st, two for 2nd and three for 3rd.




该奖章在1943年10月设立,授予苏军中的战斗人员和在战斗中表现出色的游击队领导人。   
  该奖章也分三类,一级铂金和金质,二级银质,三级也是银质但是形状要小一些。  
  该奖项是一个十角半发光射线星型奖章。中央是波格丹·赫梅利尼茨基拿着狼牙棒的肖像。绶带是浅蓝底加白色条纹,条纹与奖章等级一致,一级奖章一条条纹,二级二条,三级三条。



  Order of the Patriotic War 卫国战争奖章




  Instituted in May 1942, the order was awarded to officers and men of the Red army, navy, air force and partisan units who showed great heroism and courage in battle. A 2nd class order was awarded for acts of heroism and courage not sufficient to merit the 1st class award.

  The award was a red enamelled five-pointed star with the hammer and sickle on a circular central medallion. This is backed with a rayed five-pointed star, gold for 1st class and silver for 2nd class, with a crossed sword and rifle. The ribbons were claret with red stripes relating to the class of medal awarded, one for 1st, two for 2nd class.


该奖章在1942年5月设立,授予红军,海军,空军和游击队在战斗中表现英雄和勇气气概的官兵。二级奖章授予在战斗中表现英雄和勇气气概的官兵,但不足以获得一级奖章的官兵。  
  该奖项外围是红色的搪瓷五角星,锤子和镰刀镶嵌在一个圆形奖章中央。这是一枚闪光射线的五角星,一级奖章为金质,二级为银质,装饰着交叉的剑与步枪。绶带是紫红色底加红色条纹,一级一条,二级两条。



  Order of the Red Star 红星奖章



  pril 1930, the order was awarded to officers and men of the Red army for outstanding services performed in the defence of the Soviet Union.  
  The award was a red enamelled star edged with silver. A central medallion in silver depicts a soldier standing guard. The ribbon is red with a central stripe of blue.  
  For subsequent acts of gallantry additional stars were awarded.  
  该奖章在1930年4月设立,授予在苏联国防上有着杰出服役表现的红军官兵。  
  该奖章是一个红色的搪瓷星星有着银质的镶边。 奖章中央是一个站岗的士兵。绶带是红底,中间是蓝色条纹。  
  再次因英勇获勋的人在奖章上再增加星星。
  
  The Order of Glory 光荣奖章  
  Instituted in November 1943, it was awarded to junior ranks of the Red army and air force for distinguished acts of heroism. Examples were, being the first to enter an enemy position, disabling two tanks with an anti tank gun or one tank with a hand held grenade, to save the life of his commander at the risk of his own life, or killing at least ten enemy soldiers. The order was awarded in three classes, gold for 1st, silver and gold for 2nd and silver for 3rd class, depending on the act or number of acts of  
  The award was a five-pointed star with a central medallion inset with a depiction of the Spassky Tower surrounded by laurel leaves. The ribbon was the same for all three classes, orange with black stripes.  
  该奖章在1943年11月设立,颁发给红军和空军中有着杰出的英雄主义行为的低级官兵。例如,最早冲入敌人的阵地;使用反坦克枪击毁两辆坦克或者使用手榴弹击毁一辆坦克,冒着生命危险挽救他的指挥官的生命;击毙至少十名敌军。 该奖章根据士兵在战斗中的行为分为三级,一级金质,二级三级银质。  
  该奖章是一个中央镶嵌带有斯帕斯基塔,四周装饰月桂叶的五角星。  
  绶带是也分为三个类别,橙底加黑色条纹。
  
  Medal for Valour 英勇奖章  
  
  Instituted in October 1938, it was awarded to officers and men of the Red army, navy, air force and partisan units for personal valour and courage in battle.  
  The award was a silver medallion, depicting a tank with aircraft flying overhead and the words for valour inscribed. The ribbon was grey with blue edge stripes.  
  该奖章在1938年10月设立,授予红军,海军,空军和游击队在战斗中表现勇敢的官兵。  
  这是一个银章,上面描绘了一辆坦克和飞过头顶的飞机,上面镶嵌着勇气的字体。 绶带是灰底,边缘为蓝色条纹。

作者: Adolf.Hitler    時間: 2014-10-23 17:10

Infantry Guns 步兵炮






Range: 4200m 射程:4200米



Calibre: 76mm 口径:76mm



Rate of Fire: 10 to 12 rounds per minute  
        射速:10-12发/分钟




Weight: 780kg 重量 780公斤



Crew: 5 炮组:5人


  This gun, introduced in 1928, was a modified version of the older 3 inch M1913 gun. The modernized gun featured a new chamber and rebored barrel, new wheels and adjustments to the gun carriage. Further improvements were made in 1936 and 1939 to facilitate motorized towing due to the guns excessive weight. Despite this improvement, due to the lack of motorized transport, the gun was usually towed using six horses. The gun was either fitted with wooden spoked wheels or metal disc wheels fitted with tyres and featured an armored shield to provide limited protection for the crew. In 1943 the gun was fitted with an improved carriage which utilized the trails and frame of the M1942 anti tank gun. The new version was designated the 76mm M1943. Despite its age the gun remained in production until late 1944.

        这种步兵炮于1928年开始投产,是M1913型火炮的改进型。这种改进后的火炮配备了新的炮管和重镗炮筒,新的车轮和大炮车架校正器。1936年和1939年该炮又进行了改进以便让这种笨重的大炮利用摩托化机动。尽管进行了改进,但由于缺乏摩托化运输共军,通常还是需要6匹马来牵引大炮。大炮既可以安装木质车轮也可以安装配有金属轮子的轮胎,并且安装了一个防弹盾来为炮组提供有限的保护。1943年,该炮安装了新的改进车架,以便进行牵引,这就是M1942型反坦克炮。新的版本使用的是76mm火炮。尽管这种步兵炮年代久远,但是直到1944年底,该种火炮才停产。


Anti Tank Guns 反坦克炮






Weight: 560kg 重量:560公斤



Calibre: 45mm 口径:45mm



Muzzle Velocity: 760mps 炮口初速度:760米/秒



Armor Penetration: 43mm at 500m and 35mm at 1000m.  
        穿甲能力:500米处43mm,1000米处35mm




Rate of Fire: 15 to 20 rounds per minute.  
        射速:每分钟15至20发




Crew: 4 成员:4人


  This weapon introduced in 1937 was very similar in construction to the German 37mm Pak 36 which had been produced in Russia under license since 1931. The Red Army increased the calibre to improve armour penetration and also have the capability to fire a useful high explosive round. It was fitted with the M1934 tank gun and the trunnion and trails were strengthened to cope with the additional weight. The gun was light and manouverable and was effective against German armor until mid 1942. Despite the gradual decrease in the guns effectiveness due to increasing armor protection the gun remained in production until late 1944. During the latter stages of the war the gun was increasingly used in the infantry support role firing high explosive rounds instead of its intended anti tank role. An improved version, the M1943 gun was introduced in 1943 and remained in production until the end of the war. The gun was given a new, longer barrel which increased the muzzle velocity and improved its armor penetration capability to 61mm at 500m and 51mm at 1000m. The addition of the longer barrel increased the guns weight to 625kg, slightly reducing its mobility.

        这种火炮于1937年量产,和同时期的德军37mmPak36型反坦克炮类似,而后者在1931年在俄国就获得了生产许可证。红军增大了反坦克的口径来增强穿甲能力,并且可以发射高爆炮弹。它和M1934年反坦克炮很匹配,炮耳和牵引架进行了加强,因此使得火炮的重量大大增加。该炮属于轻型火炮,便于机动,直到1942年中期都是对抗德军装甲部队的有效武器。由于火炮的能力逐步提升,穿甲能力也得到了加强,因此该火炮直到1944年底才停产。在战争的后期,这种反坦克炮配置高爆炸弹当做步兵炮来支援步兵作战。M1943型火炮作为改进版本在1943年开始生产,并使用到了战争结束。该火炮配置了新型的,更长的炮管,使得炮口初速度提高了,穿甲能力提高到500米处61mm,1000米处51mm。长管反坦克炮的重量为625公斤,在一定程度上削弱了它的机动能力。





Weight: 1150kg 重量:1150公斤



Calibre: 57mm 口径:57mm



Muzzle Velocity: 990mps 炮口初速度:990米/秒



Armor Penetration: 145mm at 500m 穿甲能力:500米处145mm



Rate of Fire: 20 to 25 rounds per minute 射速:每分钟20至25发



Crew: 5 成员:5人


  This gun was originally introduced in April 1941, but due to its high manufacturing cost, production was suspended in December 1941 and was not resumed until June 1943. The carriage was the same as the 76mm divisional gun (ZIS-3), while the 57mm cannon and recoil system had come from the earlier M1941 model anti-tank gun. The gun had a semi automatic breech and a hydraulic recoil mechanism and had an extremely high rate of fire. Its light weight was another advantage and the gun could be rapidly traversed or man handled between firing positions by its crew. Early versions of the weapon were equipped with a folding gun shield. Despite these advantages the gun also suffered from several limitations. The first was that despite its great ability to penetrate armor, it was still rapidly being matched and outclassed by the armor of newer tanks. That soon relegated it to taking on only lighter armored vehicles, leaving the heavier tanks to 76mm or larger anti-tank guns. Another limitation was that the weapon was much more expensive to produce when compared to the 76mm divisional gun. Despite this the gun remained in production until the end of the war.

        这种反坦克炮最初在1941年4月开始生产,但是由于制造昂贵,1941年12月便停产了,直到1943年6月才又恢复生产。它们采用和76毫米师属火炮(ZIS-3)一样的底架,采用和早期的M1941型反坦克炮一样的57毫米口径的加农炮管和制动系统。该火炮还有半自动的退膛和液压制动装置,保证火炮有一个很快的射速。轻巧的重量是它的重要优势之一,该炮还能快速转动或者炮手手动调整发射角度和方向。早期型的火炮还装备了一个防弹盾,这种优秀的火炮也有几个缺点。首先,尽管它的穿甲能力很强,面对新型坦克的装甲还是很逊色。后来这种火炮只用来对付轻型装甲车辆,而更重型的坦克则留给了76毫米或者更强的反坦克炮。另一个缺点就是该炮相对于76毫米师属火炮要昂贵得多。但是这种火炮还是在整个战争期间一直生产。





Weight: 4300kg 重量:4300公斤



Range: 10,500m 射程:10500米



Rate of Fire: 15 to 20 rounds per minute 射速:每分钟15到20发



Muzzle Velocity: 792mps 射速:792米/秒



Armor Penetration: 111mm at 500m and 102mm at 1000m  
        穿甲能力:500米处111mm,1000米处102mm




Crew: 7 成员:7


  This gun was introduced in early 1940 and although designed primarily as an anti aircraft gun, like the German 88mm it was commonly used in the anti tank role. The gun was fitted with semi automatic breech mechanism and a large multi-baffle muzzle brake to reduce recoil and increase the muzzle velocity. Early models of the gun were fitted with a large gun shield to protect the crew, but this was removed from the design on later production guns. The gun carriage was mounted on a square platform with four outriggers to provide stability. For travelling the mounting was jacked up on to two sets of single wheeled bogies. When deployed for firing, the trail would form into a cruciform shape supported by adjustable legs. The gun remained in production until 1944, when it was replaced by an improved version, the 85mm KS-18.

        这种炮在1940年初开始投产,和德军的88毫米一样,最初是作为防空炮来设计的,但往往却担当着反坦克的角色。大炮的支架是半自动的,并且有一个很大的多重制动刹车来减少大炮的后座力,并加大炮口出速度。早期型的火炮还安装了一个巨大的防炮盾来保护炮手,但是后期型的火炮把这一设计取消了。火炮机动时有一个四轮底座进行携带,以确保其稳定。在机动时利用两个单轮进行拖拽。在展开开火时,牵引轴在校正腿的帮助下变成十字形状。这种火炮直到1944年才停产,一种改进型的火炮取而代之,这就是著名的85毫米KS-18火炮。


Field Artillery 野战炮






Range: 10,500m 射程:10500米



Calibre: 76mm 口径:76毫米



Rate of Fire: 8 to 10 rounds per minute 射速:每分钟8到10发



Weight: 1320kg 重量:1320公斤



Crew: 6 组员:6人


  This gun was a modernized version of the older Model 02 Putilov gun and was used to equip Divisional artillery Regiments during the early stages of the campaign. The modernization took place in the mid 1930's and included improvements to the carriage to increase the guns elevation and thereby improve its range and a lengthened barrel was also added. The gun had a split trail of rivited construction, wooden wheels and also incorporated a small shield to provide limited protection for the crew. Large numbers of the gun were captured by German forces who redesignated it the FK 295r.

    这是一种菩提洛夫现代02版的早期型火炮,并在早期的战役中装备于师属炮兵团。30年代中期开始进行现代化改装,包括改善炮架,提高炮管,从而改进火炮射程,另外还加长了炮管。火炮还有分开的牵引腿,木制车轮,一个防弹盾为炮手提供有限的保护。德军大量缴获了这种火炮并称之为FK 295r。






Range: 4200m 射程:4200米



Calibre: 76mm 口径:76毫米



Rate of Fire: 10 to 12 rounds per minute. 射速:每分钟10到12发



Weight: 600kg 重量:600公斤



Crew: 5 组员:5


  This gun was originally introduced in 1936 and was used to equip Divisional artillery Regiments. However, the gun suffered from poor design and its long barrel and low ground clearance severely reduced its mobility. The crew duties were poorly laid out and this reduced its combat effectiveness, especially when utilized in the anti tank role. In 1939 a vastly improved version was introduced, the F-22 USV. The improvements included a shorter barrel and a new carriage. Huge numbers of this gun were captured in the early part of the war and German forces utilized them as anti tank guns until the 75mm Pak 40 gun became widely available. Despite the new guns improved performance it was complicated to manufacture and production ceased in 1941. The gun was gradually replaced by the 76mm ZIS-3 from early 1942 onwards.

    这枪最初是在1936年生产并装备师属炮兵团。不过,该炮因为设计缺陷而饱受非议长炮管,距离地面径向间隙过小严重限制了它的流动性。 炮组的位置是很安置的很差,降低了大炮的战斗力,尤其是当反坦克炮使用时,效果更差。1939年,推出了改进版F-22 USV。这些改进包括一个短炮管和新的炮架。在战争初期,大量这种火炮被德军俘获,在75毫米的Pak 40火炮被广泛使用前,德国人一直把这种炮当做反坦克炮。尽管进行了新的性能改进,但是该炮在制造生产上还是复杂,1941年停产。从1942年初开始逐渐被76毫米ZIS的- 3取代。






Range: 4200m 射程:4200米



Calibre: 76mm 口径:76毫米



Armor Penetration: 90mm at 500m. 穿甲能力:在500米处能穿透90毫米装甲



Rate of Fire: 25 rounds per minute. 射速:每分钟25发



Weight: 780kg 重量:780公斤



Crew: 5 组员:5


  This excellent multi purpose gun was used both as a Divisional artillery gun and in the anti tank role. The gun was light and had good mobility, easily manhandled by its crew. It also enjoyed a high rate of fire. The gun had a split trail, gun shield to provide limited protection for the crew and metal disc wheels fitted with tyres. The barrel was fitted with a muzzle brake to reduce recoil and barrel flash when fired. Due to its simplified method of construction, both production time and cost were considerably reduced. It was nicknamed the 'Ratsch-Bum' (crash-boom) by German forces because of its distinct sound when firing. Large numbers of the gun were captured by German forces who redesignated it the FK 288r.

    这一出色的多用途火炮可以同时用作为师属炮兵和反坦克炮作用。这种炮很轻,具有良好的机动性,容易被炮手拖着移动。它的射速也很快。该炮有分开的牵引腿,炮盾可以为炮手们提供有限的保护,炮轮为全金属。炮管装备了制动减速装置,以减少开炮时的后坐力。由于其制造简单,生产时间和成本的大大降低。 由于它的炮声独特,德军给它起了“咆哮之潮”的绰号。德军缴获了大量的这种火炮,命名为FK 288r。






Range: 16,350m 射程:16350米



Calibre: 122mm 口径:122毫米



Rate of Fire: 5 to 6 rounds per minute. 射速:每分钟5到6发



Weight: 2580kg 重量:2580公斤



Crew: 6 组员:6


  This weapon was an elderly design first introduced in 1910 and was used to equip Divisional artillery Regiments. It had wooden spoke wheels, box trail and short L/13 barrel. The gun was modernized in the 1930's and included the fitting of a new and longer barrel fitted on the existing carriage. Production of the gun ended in 1937, when it began to be replaced by the 122mm Model 1938. Large numbers of the gun were captured by German forces who redesignated it the leFH 388r.

    这种武器的在1910年首次设计推出,并用于装备师属炮兵团。 它有木辐轮毂,箱式牵引和13倍口径短管火炮。在30年代,该炮进行了现代化改造,其中包括一个新的较长的炮管。 但是这种火炮在1937年停产,1938型122毫米火炮取代了它。 德军缴获了大量该种火炮,命名为LeFH 388r。






Range: 11,800m 射程:11800米



Calibre: 122mm 口径:122米



Armor Penetration: 140mm at 1000m.穿甲能力:10000米上能穿透140毫米



Muzzle Velocity: 515mps. 炮口初速度:515米/秒



Rate of Fire: 5 to 6 rounds per minute. 射速:每分钟5到6发



Weight: 2450kg 重量:2450公斤



Crew: 8 组员:8


  This gun was introduced in 1938 and was used to equip Divisional artillery Regiments. It had a split trail of either riveted or cast construction and was fitted with a gun shield to provide limited protection for the crew. The recoil system consisted of a hydraulic buffer above the tube and a hydropneumatic recuperator below it. The breechblock was of a hinged screw type. It also had metal disc wheels fitted with tyres and a longer L/19 barrel. The gun was capable of being used in the anti tank role and its good ballistic properties enabled it to take on the heavier German tanks at ranges of up to 1500m. The gun was towed by either a by a six horse limber team, a 3 ton truck and if available they were hauled by a Stalinets tractor. Large numbers of the gun were captured by German forces who redesignated it the K390/2r.

    这种火炮在1938年推出,并用于装备师属炮兵团。它有一个铆接或灌注的牵引架,炮盾为炮手提供有限的保护。 缓冲系统包括一个液压减震器。下面有一个液气转换的复进机。炮闩是一个螺旋式铰链。金属炮轮和更长的19倍口径炮管。 该炮还被用于反坦克使用,其良好的弹道性能使它能够在1500米的距离上击穿较重的德军坦克。这种火炮是由六马牵引,或者一个3吨重的卡车牵引,如果可以也可以使用斯大林拖拉机。  德军缴获了大量该种火炮,命名为K390/2r。





Range: 17200m 射程:17200米



Calibre: 152mm 口径:152毫米



Rate of Fire: 2 to 3 rounds per minute. 射速:每分钟2到3发



Weight: 7270kg 重量:7270公斤



Crew: 6 组员:6


  This gun, introduced in 1937, was an improved version of the Model 1910/30 howitzer. The gun was a robust and versatile weapon, which was mounted on the standard carriage of the 122mm m1938 gun. It featured a split trail of riveted design with twin spoked wheels fitted with solid rubber tyres. The recoil system consists of a hydraulic buffer above the tube with a hydropneumatic recuperator below it and the breechblock is of a hinged screw type. The gun also featured a slotted muzzle brake to reduce recoil and barrel flash when fired and a gun shield to provide limited protection for the crew. Production of the gun continued until mid 1944, when it was replaced by the 152mm M1943 D-1. Large numbers of the gun were captured by German forces who redesignated it the sFH 443r.

这种火炮在1937年推出,是1910/30榴弹炮的一个升级版本。该火炮火力强劲而且灵活,它的炮管是M1938型122毫米,安装在标准炮架上。它的特点是采用双的铆接与装有实心橡胶轮胎,车轮轮辐设计。缓冲装置包含一个上面有液压气动复动机管道的液压气动换热器和一个铰链螺丝炮闩类型的液压缓冲器。 这种火炮还采用了炮口制动减速器,在开炮时减少后坐力和炮管烟雾。此炮还配备了防弹盾为炮手提供有限的保护。 此炮一直生产到1944年中期,随后被152毫米的M1943型D-1火炮取代。德军缴获了大量的这种火炮,并命名为sFH 443r。



M1943 D-1



Range: 12,400m 射程:12400米



Calibre: 152mm 口径:152毫米



Rate of Fire: 3 to 4 rounds per minute. 射速:每分钟3到4发



Weight: 3640kg 重量:3640公斤



Crew:7 组员:7


  This weapon, introduced in early 1944, was also mounted on the chassis of the M1938 howitzer with a split trail of riveted design. The gun had twin spoked wheels fitted with solid rubber tyres. It also featured a large double-baffle muzzle brake to reduce recoil and barrel flash when fired and a gun shield to provide limited protection for the crew. The weapon was lighter and more manouverable than its predecessor and remained in service throughout the remainder of the war.

这种火炮,在1944年初推出,也是经典的M1938型榴弹炮管安装在同一个分开的铆接设计的底盘上。该炮有双实心橡胶轮胎装有辐条车轮。这种火炮还采用了一个大的双挡板炮口制动减速器,在开炮时减少后坐力和烟雾。此炮还配备了防弹盾为炮手提供有限的保护。这种武器比原来的火炮重量更轻,机动性更强,一直服役到战争结束。






Range: 17,500m 射程:17500米



Calibre: 203mm  口径:203毫米



Rate of Fire: 1 round every three minutes.射速:每3分钟1发



Weight: 15,800kg 重量:15800公斤



Crew: 15 组员:15


  This gun was introduced in 1938. The guns were initially held in the GHQ artillery reserve for use on desiganted Fronts, but from late 1942 were incorporated into the artillery Divisions to form Heavy Howitzer Brigades. The gun was mounted on a tracked carriage but suffered from poor mobility due to its weight. It was an accurate weapon. Mounted on an unpowered tracked chassis, which would be towed into position by a tractor. The gun featured a piston operated breech mechanism and a small crane on the left hand side of the weapon to manouver the ammunition into the breech.

这种火炮在1938年推出。 最初是为方面军总司令部直属炮兵装备的,但是从1942年底被编入到炮兵师,组建重型榴弹炮旅。该炮使用一辆履带卡车牵引,由于火炮太重因此机动性很差。这是一种射击很精确的武器。 火炮装在一个无动力的履带式底盘上,由拖拉机进行牵引。该炮有一个后膛操作的机械活塞,火炮左边有一个小型起重机回旋进入后膛装填弹药。



Rocket Artillery 火箭炮



BM-13-16


  This was the first in the series of 'Katyusha' multiple rocket launchers and was introduced in mid 1941. It consisted of a Zis-6 truck fitted with sixteen rail launchers for 132mm M-13 rockets. The rockets were less accurate than conventional artillery. However the shock effect produced by these weapons used in a concentrated salvo, had a marked effect on enemy morale. They were slow to reload and once fired the firing position quickly became obvious to enemy counter fire batteries.

这是'喀秋莎'火箭炮系列中最早的一种,在1941年中期推出。它包括一辆ZIS-6卡车与16部132毫米的M-13火箭发射器。火箭炮的准确度均小于常规炮弹。然而,齐射时所产生的冲击效应,对敌方士气有显着影响。 火箭炮换装加载缓慢,一旦开始射击,会很快暴露自己的位置,迅速成为敌人炮兵的打击目标。





  This weapon, also introduced in mid 1941, was fitted with 36 rail launchers for the smaller 82mm M-8 rockets. Early on a variety of different vehicles were used as a platform for this launcher but from 1943 onwards they were standardised on lend lease vehicles, mainly the US-6 Studebaker.

这种武器,也是在1941年年中推出,装备有36个规模较小的82毫米的M - 8火箭发射器。早期,许多不同型号的车辆被用来作为发射平台,但从1943年起,他们就进行了标准化设计,使用主要美国援助的US-6斯图贝克卡车。



Rocket Artillery 火箭炮兵


  Despite the fact that experimentation with rocket propelled artillery had started well before the beginning of WWII, the decision to produce rocket-artillery weapons was not made until early June 1941. It was decided that due to the critical situation which developed at the front at the beginning of the war, that the army be equipped with rocket weapons as quickly as possible. On the 28th of June 1941, an experimental rocket-launcher battery was formed at the 1st Moscow Red Banner Artillery School. The Battery was to form and move directly to join the Western Front and test the quality and effectiveness of the new type of weapon under combat conditions.

  The battery was formed within four days and on the 2nd of July 1941 it began its move to join the forces of the Western Front using its own vehicles and was equipped with nine BM-13 combat launchers. The Battery first saw action on the 14th of July with the battery firing two salvos. The first salvo was on a concentration of enemy troops and equipment near the Orsha railway centre and the second on an enemy crossing over the Orshitsa River. Later the battery accomplished a series of successful firings against Rudnay, Smolensk, and Yartsev and caused heavy losses to the enemy. Following the success of the experimental Battery a further eight were formed during July and August of 1941.

尽管早在二战开始时火箭炮试验就已经开始了,苏军直到1941年6月初才作出决定生产火箭炮。苏军决定,由于在关键的情况,在战争开始前开发,军队要尽快装备火箭炮武。 1941年6月28日,一个有经验的火箭炮连在第一莫斯科红旗炮兵学校组建。这个火箭炮连组建完毕后直接前往西部前线,检测在战斗条件下新式武器的质量和作战能力。  
火箭炮连在四天之内成立,并于1941年7月携带自己的车辆和BM-13战斗发射器开始前往西方方面军。第一次看到该部作战是在7月14日他们进行了两次齐射。第一次齐射是对付正在奥尔沙附近的铁路中心集中的敌军部队和武器装备,第二次是在敌军正在渡过奥尔什察河时。后来该连在鲁德奈伊,斯摩棱斯克和亚尔切夫取得了一系列成功战绩,给敌军重大杀伤。随着火箭炮实验的成功,苏军决定在1941年7月和8月再次组建了8个火箭炮连。






  On the night of the 22nd of July 1941, the second battery of rocket launchers left for the Western Front. In the first half of August 1941 three more rocket-launcher batteries were sent to the Western and Reserve Fronts as well as a battery to the Southwest Front. On the 6th of September 1941 a tenth rocket-mortar battery arrived at the Western Front.

  The fates of the first rocket-artillery batteries were varied. During 1941 three batteries were destroyed fighting in the Smolensk region, while a further three batteries met similar ends in the battles in front of Moscow. Two of the batteries continued their successful military operations on the Western Front and were then reformed into the 42nd separate Guards Mortar Battalion.

  By August, 1941 the production of rocket munitions and launching platforms had increased. Through the efforts of manufacturers, engineering and technical staff, and the workers, in a short time the performance of the M-13 combat vehicles were improved and rocket launchers for firing 82mm projectiles were designed. These last were intended for ZIS-6 vehicles (36-round launchers) and T-60 light tanks (24 round-launchers).

  In September 1941, in accordance with an order from STAVKA, the first eight rocket artillery Regiments began to be formed. They were equipped with BM-13 and BM-8 launchers and consisted of three Battalions, each of three Batteries, equipped with four launchers in each battery, an anti-aircraft Battalion, and a support Battalion. The newly formed Regiments were given Guards status and titled Guards mortar regiments. This underscored the special importance of the new weapon and special care was taken in selecting cadres. By the end of the month there were already nine rocket-artillery regiments active at the fronts, with the first Regiment to be formed being the 1st Guards Mortar Regiment. In October, 1941 further regiments of rocket artillery continued to be created. The 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, and 14th Guards Mortar Regiments were all formed and sent to the Western Front.

1941年7月22日晚上,第2火箭炮连出发前往西方方面军。1941年8月上旬,另外3个火箭炮连被派到西方方面军和预备方面军1个火箭炮连派给西南方面军。1941年9月6日10个火箭迫击炮连抵达西方方面军。  
第一批火箭炮连的命运多舛。在1941年,3个火箭炮连在斯摩棱斯克地区被摧毁,另外3个连在莫斯科前线命运类似。2个连在西方方面军连续取得作战胜利,组建了独立第42近卫迫击炮营  
到1941年8月火箭发射平台的弹药和生产有所增加。通过制造商,工程师,技术人员和工人的共同努力在短时间内,M-13战斗车辆进行了改进,换装了82毫米火箭弹发射器。这些新式装备安装在ZIS-8型车辆(36管发射器)和T-60轻型坦克(24管发射器)上。  
在1941年9月,苏联最高统帅部命令规定,开始组建首批8个火箭炮兵团。他们配备BM-13和BM-8发射器,每团3个营,每营3个连,每个连装备4部火箭炮,外加1个防空营,1个支援营。新组建的团给予近卫炮兵团和近卫迫击炮团的地位。这突出了新武器的特殊重要性和选拔干部可以特殊照顾。到了9月底就已经有9个火箭炮兵团活跃在各条战线,第一个团组成第1近卫迫击炮团。1941年10月份,箭炮兵团继续进一步创建。近卫第10,11,12,13,14迫击炮团成功组建,派往到西部战线。



  Nevertheless, the experience of the 1941 summer/fall campaign was that it was not always possible for a regiment to be used as a concentrated force. Of the regiments that were organized, only four were employed as units, and the rest fought as separate battalions on different sectors of the front. With only a limited number of rocket artillery units available for heavy defensive fighting against superior enemy forces, it was more advantageous to disperse them, employing the separate battalions to provide support on the more critical sectors. Consequently, in response to the advice of the Western Front's military council, from the second half of October 1941 separate battalions of rocket artillery began to be formed and the creation of mortar regiments was curtailed. Thus, from the 26th of October to 12th of December 1941, 28 separate Guards mortar battalions were formed, each consisting of two batteries, or eight launchers in a battalion. Of the first 14 rocket-artillery regiments, 9 were reformed into separate Guards mortar battalions. These measures permitted an increase in the number of independent rocket-artillery units, even though the quantity of combat launchers was the same as before, and provided combat support to rifle divisions operating in important sectors.

  Thus, at the beginning of the 1941/42 winter campaign there were 8 Regiments and 35 separate Battalions of rocket artillery operating at the fronts. In addition, operational groups of Guards mortar units were formed as special command organizations for the direct control of combat operations and support of rocket-artillery units. They were subordinate to the front commanders and military councils and consisted of a command group, military council, staff, and artillery supply dump.

  During the winter of 1941/42, operational groups were formed in those armies, which had greater concentrations of rocket-artillery units. This was the case on the Northwest, Kalinin, and Western Fronts. As a rule, these operational groups were headed by the commanders of the rocket-artillery regiments, which were supporting the army's military operations.

然而,1941年夏/秋战役的经验告诉苏军火箭炮并不总是一定要作为一个团集中使用。这些团,只有展开4个单位,其余分成独立营在前线不同战区作战。只有有限数量的火箭炮单位在面对重兵防御优势的敌人时效果有限,它更适合于将他们驱散,使用独立营可以为更关键的战区提供支持。因此,在西方方面军军事委员会的见一下1941年10月下旬,开始组建独立火箭炮营,迫击炮团的使用受到限制。从1941年10月26日至12月12日,苏军组成28个独立近卫迫击炮营,每营2个连或者,每个营8部火箭炮。最早的18个火箭炮兵团中,9个重组为独立近卫迫击炮营。这些措施,使得独立火箭炮兵部队数量的增加,作战发射量和以前一样,并为重要战区的步兵师战斗提供支援。


因此,在1941年至1942年冬季战役开始时前线有有8个火箭炮团和35个独立火箭炮营。此外,还组建了战役性近卫迫击炮群,为特别作战行动的提供直接火力支援控制和火箭炮兵部队支援特别指挥机构。 他们服从前线指挥官,军事委员会,包括指挥组,军事委员会,参谋和炮兵后勤部组成。


1941年至1942年的冬天,战役炮兵群在这些集团军中组建,可以更加集中的使用火箭炮部队。尤其是在西北方面军,加里宁方面军和西方方面军。作为一项规则,这些战役性炮兵群的指挥官是那些支持集团军的军事行动的火箭炮团团长。


  In January 1942 the remaining rocket-artillery battalions at the fronts began to combine into regiments, each consisting of three battalions with two batteries each. As before, there were four BM-13 or BM-8 launchers in a battery. The Battalions in a Regiment had their own supply and support resources and could operate independently.

  Battlefield experience showed that it was necessary to have a more powerful rocket round capable of destroying fortifications. By June 1942 two fused rocket shells had been developed. The M-20 132mm round and the M-30 300mm round. M-20 rounds were usually fired from BM-13 rocket launchers, while M-30 rounds were launched from specially built frame stands.

  In July 1942 the first of thirty independent M-30 Guards mortar battalions were formed. A heavy rocket-artillery Battalion consisted of three batteries, each having 32 launching stands. The regiments did not have the means to reconnoitre or communicate and were short on vehicles, which hampered the re-supply of ammunition. Because of the large number of launching frames, it was difficult to select and prepare firing positions. However they were found to be highly effective and by the end of August, seventy five M-30 battalions had been formed. This led to the abandonment of the regimental organization of heavy rocket artillery and subsequently, separate M-30 Battalions were formed, which consisted of two Batteries with 48 launching frames in each.

1942年1月剩下的火箭炮兵营开始在各条战线组成团,每个团3个营,每个营2个连。和以前一样,有4部BM-13或BM-8火箭发射器。各营有自己的补给和支持单位,可以独立作战。


战场上的经验表明,需要有一个更强大的火箭全面摧毁防御工事。 到1942年6月研制了两个混合型的火箭弹。M-20型130毫米火箭弹和M-30型300毫米火箭弹。M-20型通常是从BM-13火箭发射器发射,而M-30发子弹是从特制的发射器发射。


1942年7月首批30个独立M-30型近卫迫击炮营组建完毕。1个重型火箭炮营有3个连,各有32个发射架。 各团没有侦察或沟通的手段,缺乏车辆,致使弹药供不应求。由于发射架数量庞大,很难选择和准备射击阵地。 然而,他们被认为是非常有效的武器,8月底,已经组建了75个M-30营。这导致了重型火箭炮兵团组织的放弃,转而组建独立的M-30营,兵力组成为2个连在,每个连48个发射装置。




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